Study: Benefits Outweigh Risks for Autonomous Vehicles – As Long As You Regulate Them

An interdisciplinary panel of experts has assessed the risks and potential benefits associated with deploying autonomous vehicles (AVs) on U.S. roads and predicts that the benefits will substantially outweigh potential harms – but only if the AVs are well regulated.

“We wanted to assess the potential harms and benefits associated with AVs and determine what the best implementation strategies would be to minimize harms and maximize benefits,” says Veljko Dubljević, first author of the study and an associate professor in the Science, Technology & Society (STS) program at North Carolina State University.

Deploying AVs onto public roads is a complex social issue, which touches on everything from ethics to transportation engineering to artificial intelligence programming.

“And there aren’t many methods for assessing such complex social problems,” Dubljević says. “One approach is to break the large problem down into a collection of more specific questions, assessing different risks and potential benefits separately. This approach is called multi-criteria decision analysis, and it’s what we did here.”

For this study, the researchers outlined four different scenarios for the future of AVs:

• No AVs allowed on public roads;
• AVs are allowed, with no regulations;
• AVs are allowed, but are regulated;
• AVs are regulated and can only be owned by commercial fleet operators.

The researchers then convened a panel of 19 experts with expertise in subjects such as computer science, political science, transportation and ethics.

The researchers also created a list of 13 potential harms and eight potential benefits associated with deploying AVs. The list was developed based on documents from the National Academies and other federal agencies, as well as input from the expert panel convened for the study. Potential harms included assessments of increased risk of accident deaths or cases of injury. Potential benefits included assessments of economic benefits and curtailing environmental impact by reducing traffic jams.

The expert panel then reviewed the four AV deployment scenarios with the goal of determining which scenarios had the best ratio of benefits to harms.

“To assess the potential impact of AV deployment, you have to compare it to a baseline,” says George List, co-author of the study and a professor of civil engineering at NC State. “The baseline was our current state of affairs. And our current state of affairs is that there are a tremendous number of deaths and injuries on U.S. roads.

“While AVs are not perfect, all of our predictions suggest that they will be a step in the right direction. Prohibiting the use of AVs on U.S. roads was the least promising scenario.”

However, the expert panel also highlighted the extent to which government regulations could help reduce risk.

“For example, regulations could limit use of AVs in urban environments and areas with high pedestrian traffic,” Dubljević says. “Either of the regulated scenarios is better than allowing unregulated AVs on the road.”

So, which scenario offered the most benefits and the fewest risks?

“Regulating AV use and limiting ownership to commercial fleet operators is a little more promising than allowing the general public to own and operate their own AVs,” Dubljević says. That’s because fleet ownership makes it more likely that AVs will be properly maintained, software updates will be made on time, and so on.

“We hope that federal, state and local governments use our findings to review whatever regulations they have in place concerning the use of autonomous vehicles – or to develop regulations if there are none on the books,” Dubljević says.

The study, “Toward a Rational and Ethical Sociotechnical System of Autonomous Vehicles: A Novel Application of Multi-criteria Decision Analysis,” is published in PLOS ONE. The paper was co-authored by William Bauer, an associate teaching professor of philosophy at NC State; Munindar P. Singh, Alumni Distinguished Graduate Professor of Computer Science at NC State; Eleni Bardaka, an assistant professor of civil, construction and environmental engineering at NC State; Thomas Birkland, a professor of public administration at NC State; Roger Mayer, a professor of leadership at NC State; M. Shoaib Samandar, a research associate at NC State; Jovan Milojevich of Oklahoma State University; Nirav Ajmeri of the University of Bristol; Charles Edwards of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Ioan Muntean of the University of North Carolina at Asheville; Thomas Powers of the University of Delaware; Hesham Rakha of Virginia Tech; and Vance Ricks of Guilford College.

The work was done with support from the Kenan Institute of Science and Technology and North Carolina State University Research and Innovation.

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Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.

“Toward a Rational and Ethical Sociotechnical System of Autonomous Vehicles: A Novel Application of Multi-criteria Decision Analysis”

Authors: Veljko Dubljević, George F. List, William Bauer, Munindar P. Singh, Eleni Bardaka, Thomas Birkland, Roger Mayer and M. Shoaib Samandar, North Carolina State University; Jovan Milojevich, Oklahoma State University; Nirav Ajmeri, University of Bristol; Charles Edwards, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Ioan Muntean, University of North Carolina at Asheville; Thomas Powers, University of Delaware; Hesham Rakha, Virginia Tech; and Vance Ricks, Guilford College

Published: Aug. 13, PLOS ONE

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256224

Abstract: The impacts of autonomous vehicles (AV) are widely anticipated to be socially, economically, and ethically significant. A reliable assessment of the harms and benefits of their large-scale deployment requires a multi-disciplinary approach. To that end, we employed Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to make such an assessment. We obtained opinions from 19 disciplinary experts to assess the significance of 13 potential harms and eight potential benefits that might arise under four deployments schemes. Specifically, we considered: (1) the status quo, i.e., no AVs are deployed; (2) unfettered assimilation, i.e., no regulatory control would be exercised and commercial entities would “push” the development and deployment; (3) regulated introduction, i.e., regulatory control would be applied and either private individuals or commercial fleet operators could own the AVs; and (4) fleets only, i.e., regulatory control would be applied and only commercial fleet operators could own the AVs. Our results suggest that two of these scenarios, (3) and (4), namely regulated privately-owned introduction or fleet ownership or autonomous vehicles would be less likely to cause harm than either the status quo or the unfettered options.

This post was originally published in NC State News.